tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56707292184436887822024-03-11T21:53:02.453-07:00The note book of my lifeWÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-80252579685005339292023-07-15T17:18:00.000-07:002023-07-15T17:19:01.650-07:00Karma Kelvin Dorji Inspires with His Generous and Philanthropic Work: Helps Those in Need Through Social Service Program.<div><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Karma Kelvin Dorji is inspiring a lot of people by his generous and philanthropic work. Hailing from Trashi Yangtse, Karma was formally a monk at Trashigang Dratshang, however he was adopted by a foreign family and raised in Darjeeling. It was through the popular social media platform TikTok that Karma got acquainted with Thinley Gyeltshen from Rangshikhar, Trashigang. This experience inspired him to create a social service program dedicated to helping those with disabilities or anyone in need. </span><br></div><div><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div><br></span></div><div><br></div><div>Karma has documented his visits to the homeless and those with disabilities on his Facebook page KiDophotography Vlog, where he provides money, food, clothes and other supplies. He is using his encouraging messages to spread awareness of his cause, which is to encourage people to make positive contributions to the world. </div><div><br></div><div>He is gaining widespread recognition for his selfless efforts and inspiring many people to follow in his footsteps.</div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-7263936440518189132018-11-19T00:55:00.001-08:002018-11-19T00:55:25.591-08:00Earthing <p dir="ltr">Types of Earthing</p>
<p dir="ltr">1). Plate Earthing:</p>
<p dir="ltr">2). Pipe Earthing:</p>
<p dir="ltr">3). Rod Earthing</p>
<p dir="ltr">4). Earthing through the Waterman</p>
<p dir="ltr">5). Strip or Wire Earthing</p>
<p dir="ltr">What is Grounding or Earthing?</p>
<p dir="ltr">To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance or installations to the earth (ground) is called Earthing or Grounding.</p>
<p dir="ltr">In other words, to connect the metallic parts of electric machinery and devices to the earth plate or earth electrode (which is buried in the moisture earth) through a thick conductor wire (which has very low resistance) for safety purpose is known as Earthing or grounding.</p>
<p dir="ltr">To earth or earthing rather, means to connect the part of electrical apparatus such as metallic covering of metals, earth terminal of socket cables, stay wires that do not carry current to the earth. Earthing can be said as the connection of the neutral point of a power supply system to the earth so as to avoid or minimize danger during discharge of electrical energy.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Difference between Earthing, Grounding and Bonding.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Let me clear the confusion among earhing, grounding and bonding.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Earthing and Grounding is the same terms used for earthing. Grounding is the commonly word used for earthing in the North American standards like IEEE, NEC, ANSI and UL etc while, Earthing is used in European, Common wealth countries and Britain standards like IS and IEC etc.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The word Bonding used for jointing two wires (as well as conductors, pipes or appliances together. Bonding is known as connecting the metallic parts of different machines which is not considered to be carrying electric current during normal operation of the machines to bring them at the same level of electric potential.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Need of Earthing or Grounding. Why Earthing is Important?</p>
<p dir="ltr">The primary purpose of earthing is to avoid or minimize the danger of electrocution, fire due to earth leakage of current through undesired path and to ensure that the potential of a current carrying conductor does not rise with respect to the earth than its designed insulation.</p>
<p dir="ltr">When the metallic part of electrical appliances (parts that can conduct or allow passage of electric current) comes in contact with a live wire, maybe due to failure of installations or failure in cable insulation, the metal become charged and static charge accumulates on it. If a person touches such a charged metal, the result is a severe shock.</p>
<p dir="ltr">To avoid such instances, the power supply systems and parts of appliances have to be earthed so as to transfer the charge directly to the earth.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Below are the basic needs of Earthing.</p>
<p dir="ltr">To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices and appliances from leakage current.<br>
To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs on any one phase).<br>
To Protect Electric system and buildings form lighting.<br>
To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and communication.<br>
To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.<br>
Different Terms used in Electrical Earthing</p>
<p dir="ltr">Earth: The proper connection between electrical installation systems via conductor to the buried plate in the earth is known as Earth.<br>
Earthed: When an electrical device, appliance or wiring system connected to the earth through earth electrode, it is known as earthed device or simple “Earthed”.<br>
Solidly Earthed: When an electric device, appliance or electrical installation is connected to the earth electrode without a fuse, circuit breaker or resistance/Impedance, It is called “solidly earthed”.<br>
Earth Electrode: When a conductor (or conductive plate) buried in the earth for electrical earthing system. It is known to be Earth Electrode. Earth electrodes are in different shapes like, conductive plate, conductive rod, metal water pipe or any other conductor with low resistance.<br>
Earthing Lead: The conductor wire or conductive strip connected between Earth electrode and Electrical installation system and devices in called Earthing lead.<br>
Earth Continuity Conductor: The conductor wire, which is connected among different electrical devices and appliances like, distribution board, different plugs and appliances etc. in other words, the wire between earthing lead and electrical device or appliance is called earth continuity conductor. It may be in the shape of metal pipe (fully or partial), or cable metallic sheath or flexible wire.<br>
Sub Main Earthing Conductor: A wire connected between switch board and distribution board i.e. that conductor is related to sub main circuits.<br>
Earth Resistance: This is the total resistance between earth electrode and earth in Ω (Ohms). Earth resistance is the algebraic sum of the resistances of earth continuity conductor, earthing lead, earth electrode and earth.<br>
POINTS TO BE EARTHED</p>
<p dir="ltr">    Earthing is not done anyhow. According to IE rules and IEE (Institute of Electrical Engineers) regulations,</p>
<p dir="ltr">Earth pin of 3-pin lighting plug sockets and 4-pin power plug should be efficiently and permanently earthed.<br>
All metal casing or metallic coverings containing or protecting any electric supply line or apparatus such as GI pipes and conduits enclosing VIR or PVC cables, iron clad switches, iron clad distribution fuse boards etc should be earthed (connected to earth).<br>
The frame of every generator, stationary motors and metallic parts of all transformers used for controlling energy should be earthed by two separate and yet distinct connections with the earth.<br>
In a dc 3-wire system, the middle conductors should be earthed at the generating station.<br>
Stay wires that are for overhead lines should be connected to earth by connecting at least one strand to the earth wires.<br>
Components of Earthing System</p>
<p dir="ltr">A complete electrical earthing system consists on the following basic components.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Earth Continuity Conductor<br>
Earthing Lead<br>
Earth Electrode<br>
<br>
Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire</p>
<p dir="ltr">That part of the earthing system which interconnects the overall metallic parts of electrical installation e.g. conduit, ducts, boxes, metallic shells of the switches, distribution boards, Switches, fuses, Regulating and controlling devices, metallic parts of electrical machines such as, motors, generators, transformers and the metallic framework where electrical devices and components are installed is known as earth wire or earth continuity conductor as shown in the above fig.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The resistance of the earth continuity conductor is very low. According to IEEE rules, resistance between consumer earth terminal and earth Continuity conductor (at the end) should not be increased than 1Ω. In simple words, resistance of earth wire should be less than 1Ω.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Size of the Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire depends on the cable size used in the wiring circuit.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Size of Earth Continuity Conductor</p>
<p dir="ltr">The cross sectional area of the Earth Continuity Conductor should not be less than the half of the cross sectional area of the thickest wire used in the electrical wiring installation.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Generally, the size of the bare copper wire used as earth continuity conductor is 3SWG. But keep in mind that, don’t use less than 14SWG as earth wire. Copper strip is also can be used as earth continuity conductor instead of bare copper wire but don’t go for it until manufacture recommend it.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Earthing Lead or Earthing Joint</p>
<p dir="ltr">The conductor wire connected between earth continuity conductor and earth electrode or earth plate is called earthing joint or “Earthing lead”. The point where earth continuity conductor and earth electrode meet is known as “connecting point” as shown in the above fig.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Earthing lead is the final part of the earthing system which is connected to the earth electrode (which is underground) through earth connecting point.</p>
<p dir="ltr">There should be minimum joints in earthing lead as well as lower in size and straight in the direction.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Generally, copper wire can be used as earthing lead but, copper strip is also used for high installation and it can handle the high fault current because of wider area than the copper wire.</p>
<p dir="ltr">A hard drawn bare copper wire is also used as an earthing lead. In this method, all earth conductors connected to a common (one or more) connecting points and then, earthing lead is used to connect earth electrode (earth plat) to the connecting point.</p>
<p dir="ltr">To increase the safety factor of installation, two copper wires are used as earthing lead to connect the device metallic body to the earth electrode or earth plate. I.e. if we use two earth electrodes or earth plats, there would be four earthing leads. It should not be considered that the two earth leads are used as parallel paths to flow the fault currents but both paths should work properly to carry the fault current because it is important for better safety.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><br>
Size of the Earthing Lead</p>
<p dir="ltr">The size or area of earthing lead should not be less than the half of the thickest wire used in the installation.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The largest size for earthing lead is 3SWG and the minimum size should not be less than 8SWG. If 37/.083 wire is used or the load current is 200A from the supply voltage, then it is recommended to use copper strip</p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT-cuh_RUpi1JRUeYttsSCaThaR4vNcyDjl70nNcmSVQ5S5Funk1JlPLZCq_MuVo-049aXGYES1hX1uie0mLINsH68M1zeXUbctidHViAY9fN7mbersINf70go878cG_YxmR27pyWOw8Mq/s320/images.jpg"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT-cuh_RUpi1JRUeYttsSCaThaR4vNcyDjl70nNcmSVQ5S5Funk1JlPLZCq_MuVo-049aXGYES1hX1uie0mLINsH68M1zeXUbctidHViAY9fN7mbersINf70go878cG_YxmR27pyWOw8Mq/s1600/images.jpg"></a><br><br><br><br></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-31357458758233301312017-06-12T02:32:00.002-07:002017-06-12T02:32:58.710-07:00555 Timer IC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">The 555 timer is a very
popular IC used in electronic industry which is reliable, easy to use and
cheaper in cost. It was invented in 1971 by American company signets<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>. It is an integrated circuit (chip) used in variety of
timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to
provide time delays, as an oscillator, as a flip-flop element, temperature
measurement,monostable and astable multivibrator.It operates basically in one
of the two modes either as a monostable multivibrator or as an astable
multivibrator.The name 555 timer has come from the three resistor of 5k each
within the timer circuits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pin
configuration<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Grounded
terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All voltage is measured with respect to
this terminal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin
2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Trigger terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is an inverting input to a comparator
that is responsible of flip flop from set to reset. The output of the timer
depends on the amplitude of the external trigger pulse applied to this pin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin
3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
output terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are two ways in which load can be
connected to the output terminal either between pin 3 and ground or between Pin
3 and Pin 8 and is usually called a load and normally off load respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin
4</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Reset terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To disable or reset the timer a negative
pulse is applied to this pin due to which it is referred to as reset terminal.
When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it should be connected to
Vcc to avoid any possibility of false triggering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin5</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Control
voltage terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Its function is to control the threshold
and trigger level. Thus either the external voltage or a pot connected to this
pin determines the pulse width of the output waveform. The external voltage
applied to this pin can also be used to modulate the output waveform. When this
pin is not used it should be connected to ground through a 0.01uF capacitor to
avoid any noise pollution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin
6</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Threshold terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This is non inverting input terminal of
comparator , which compares the voltage applied to this terminal with a
reference voltage of +2/3 v. the amplitude of voltage applied to this terminal
is responsible for the set state of flip flop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin
7</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Discharge terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This pin is connected internally to the
collector of transistor and mostly a capacitor is connected between this
terminal and ground. It is called discharge terminal because when transistor is
at saturation capacitor discharge through the transistor. When the transistor
is at cut off, the capacitor changes at a rate determined by external resistor
and capacitor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Circuit Operation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The voltage divider consisting of 5k
resistors provides a trigger level of 1/3 VCC and a threshold level of 2/3 VCC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The control voltage input (pin 5) can be
used to externally adjust the trigger and threshold levels to other values of
necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When the trigger input (at +5v)
momentarily goes below 1/3 VCC the output of comparator B switches from 0 to 5v
and sets the S-R latch, causing the output pin3 to go +5v and turning the
discharge transistor Q1 OFF. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The output will stay at +5V until the
threshold input (at 0V) goes above 2/3 VCC and causes the output of comparator
A to switch from 0 to +5 V.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This resets the latch causing the output
to go back to 0Vand turning the discharge transistor ON the external reset input can be used to reset
the latch independent of the threshold input the trigger threshold inputs (pin
2 and 6) are controlled by external components connected to produce either
monostable or astable action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Monostable
operation of 555 timer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A monostable vibrator is often called a one shot
multivibrator.In such vibrator one state of output is stable while the other is
unstable.It makes use of external resistor(R) and a capacitor(C).The pulse
width of the output is given by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> t<sub>p</sub> = 1.1 R<sub>1</sub>
C<sub>1 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<v:shape alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/555_Monostable.svg/220px-555_Monostable.svg.png" id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 149.65pt; margin-left: 88.9pt; margin-top: 81.15pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 165.3pt; z-index: -3;" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="588 0 588 650 3920 3681 3528 4114 3528 4980 4312 7145 2744 10609 4704 14073 4900 17537 1176 19269 0 20135 392 21218 2744 21218 14701 20784 20189 19702 19993 17537 19013 14073 21365 12341 21365 10609 19013 7145 19209 6279 18621 5196 16661 3681 17053 650 14897 217 2156 0 588 0">
<v:imagedata o:title="220px-555_Monostable.svg" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
<w:wrap type="tight">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Before
a trigger pulse is applied, the output is 0V.When a negative (0V) pulse is applied
to the trigger input (pin2), the internal comparator detects the input and sets
the state of flip-flop.At 2/3 VCC, the comparators output goes high and resets
the flip-flop.Monostable 555 Timer circuit triggers on a negative going pulse
applied to pin 2. Once triggered, the 555 monostable will remain in this HIGH
unstable output state until the time period set up by the R, XC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t202" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect">
</v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" stroked="f" style="height: 20.25pt; margin-left: 98.9pt; margin-top: 31.2pt; position: absolute; width: 165.3pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t202" wrapcoords="-98 0 -98 20829 21600 20829 21600 0 -98 0">
<v:textbox inset="0,0,0,0">
<!--[if !mso]-->
<!--[endif]--></v:textbox>
<w:wrap type="tight">
</w:wrap></v:shape><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div>
<div class="MsoCaption">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \*
ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->: Monostable Multivibrator<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Astable Operation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="t5553.gif" id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 177.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 468pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="t5553" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div>
<div class="MsoCaption">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->: Astable Multivibrator<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is often called as a free-running multivibrator
which is used to generate rectangular wave. It does not require external
trigger to change the state of the output. It can be produced by adding two
resistors and a capacitor to the basic timer IC.The output is either high or
low and is determined by the two resistors and capacitors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pin 1 is grounded, Pins 4 and 8 are
shorted and then tied to supply +vcc, Output is taken from pin3, Pin 2 and 6
are shorted and then connected to ground through a capacitor (C).Pin 7 is
connected to supply +Vcc through a resistor RA and between pins 6 and 7 are
resistor RB is connected.At pin 5 either a bypass capacitor of 0.01 uF s
connected or Modulation input is applied.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Circuit
operation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When the power is turned ON, the
capacitor is uncharged and thus the trigger voltage (pin2) is at 0v.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The output of comparator b is at +5v and
the output of comparator A to be at 0v forcing the output of the latch and the
base of Q1 to be at 0v.As a result the transistor Q1 is OFF, c1 is charging
through R1 and R2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When the capacitor voltage reaches 1/3
Vcc, comparator B switches to its 0 output state and when the capacitor reaches
2/3Vcc, comparator A switches to its +5V state. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This resets the latch causing the base
of Q1 to go +5V. As a result Q1 turns ON. This sequence creates a discharge
path for the capacitor through R2. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The capacitor now begins to discharge
causing comparator A to go to 5V at the point where the capacitor discharges
down to 1/3 Vcc, comparator B switches to +0V level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This sets the latch, making the base of
Q1 to go down to 0V.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> As a result Q1 turns OFF. Another charging
cycle begins and the entire process repeats. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This produce a rectangular wave output
whose duty cycle depends on the values of R1 and R2. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The frequency of oscillator of a 555
timer in astable mode is given by the expression,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">F=1.44/(R1 + 2R2) C1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By selecting R1 and R2, the duty cycle
of the output can be adjusted since C1 charges through R1+R2 and discharges
only through R2, a duty cycle approaching 50% can be achieved of R2>>R1
so that charging and discharging times are approximately equal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-67852671246036605052017-06-11T00:39:00.002-07:002017-06-11T00:39:40.690-07:00RAM and ROM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div id="intro" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95); border-radius: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.15em; min-height: 75px; padding: 3px 0px; width: 680px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 12px 15px;">
<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Read-only memory</b>, or <b style="box-sizing: border-box;">ROM</b>, is a form of data storage in computers and other electronic devices that can not be easily altered or reprogrammed. RAM is referred to as volatile memory and is lost when the power is turned off whereas ROM in non-volatile and the contents are retained even after the power is switched off.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 12px 15px;">
<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Random-access memory</b>, or <b style="box-sizing: border-box;">RAM</b>, is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical location in contrast to other storage devices, such as hard drives, where the physical location of the data determines the time taken to retrieve it. RAM is measured in megabytes and the speed is measured in nanoseconds and RAM chips can read data faster than ROM.</div>
</div>
<div id="comptable" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-top: 1px; width: 700px;">
<h2 class="chartHeading" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.2; margin: 15px;">
Comparison chart</h2>
<table id="diffenTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(237, 237, 237); border-spacing: 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.45; margin: 2px 10px; table-layout: fixed; width: 660px;"><caption style="box-sizing: border-box; left: -9999px; position: absolute;">RAM versus ROM comparison chart</caption><thead style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="acol" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; width: 140px;"></td><th class="vcol" scope="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.25em; padding: 10px 8px 7px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 260px;">RAM</th><th class="vcol" scope="col" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.25em; padding: 10px 8px 7px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: 260px;">ROM</th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr class="comparisonRow diff " id="row1" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="acol" scope="row" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 7px 5px 7px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Definition</th><td class="vcol" id="valtd1_1" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Random Access Memory or RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical location., allowing quick access and manipulation.</td><td class="vcol" id="valtd1_2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Read-only memory or ROM is also a form of data storage that can not be easily altered or reprogrammed.Stores instuctions that are not nescesary for re-booting up to make the computer operate when it is switched off.They are hardwired.</td></tr>
<tr class="comparisonRow diff " id="row2" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="acol" scope="row" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 7px 5px 7px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Stands for</th><td class="vcol" id="valtd2_1" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Random Access Memory</td><td class="vcol" id="valtd2_2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Read-only memory</td></tr>
<tr class="comparisonRow diff " id="row3" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="acol" scope="row" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 7px 5px 7px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Use</th><td class="vcol" id="valtd3_1" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">RAM allows the computer to read <a href="http://www.diffen.com/difference/Data_vs_Information" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #205493;">data</a> quickly to run applications. It allows reading and writing.</td><td class="vcol" id="valtd3_2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">ROM stores the program required to initially boot the computer. It only allows reading.</td></tr>
<tr class="comparisonRow diff " id="row4" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="acol" scope="row" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 7px 5px 7px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Volatility</th><td class="vcol" id="valtd4_1" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are lost when the device is powered off.</td><td class="vcol" id="valtd4_2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are retained even when the device is powered off.</td></tr>
<tr class="comparisonRow diff lastRow" id="row5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="acol" scope="row" style="border-bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 7px 5px 7px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">Types</th><td class="vcol" id="valtd5_1" style="border-bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">The two main types of RAM are static RAM and dynamic RAM.</td><td class="vcol" id="valtd5_2" style="border-bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; padding: 7px 10px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">The types of ROM include PROM, EPROM and EEPROM.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="ad728" id="dfnad728" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: 90px; margin: 15px auto 0px; width: 728px;">
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</div>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-53263137440768681682017-05-08T05:51:00.001-07:002017-05-08T05:51:47.750-07:00Managerial Skills<p dir="ltr"><b><i>Managerial </i></b><b><i><u>Skills</u></i></b></p>
<p dir="ltr">Primary Skills<br>
• Conceptual Skill<br>
• Technical Skill<br>
• Human Skill</p>
<p dir="ltr">Secondary Skills<br>
• Design Skill<br>
• Communication Skills<br>
• Leadership <u>Skill</u> </p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Human or interpersonal skills</b>:<br>
• How should I understand myself to<br>
understand others and achieved the<br>
common goals and objectives of the<br>
organization? Also focus on how<br>
something is done?<br>
• This includes the ability to<br>
understand other people and<br>
interact effectively with them. The<br>
human skills are also important in<br>
creation of an environment in which<br>
people feel secure and free to<br>
express their opinions.<br>
• In short it is the ability to work with<br>
other people in teams</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Design skill:</b><br>
These skills enable a manager to<br>
handle and solve any kind of<br>
unforeseen or actual problems, that<br>
may crop up in the organization. Such<br>
problems could arise due to internal<br>
factors or external factors and/or<br>
both.<br>
In short it is the problem solving skill</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Conceptual skill</b>:<br>
What should be the right thing<br>
and focus on why something is<br>
done?<br>
• This refers to the ability to<br>
think and conceptualize<br>
abstract situations. These<br>
abilities are required for<br>
making complex decisions.<br>
• In short it is the mental<br>
capacity to develop plans,<br>
strategies and vision</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Technical Skills</b><br>
How can we do better and focus<br>
on what is done?<br>
These skills include the<br>
knowledge, abilities of and<br>
proficiency in activities involving<br>
methods, processes and<br>
procedures in the relevant fields as<br>
accounting, engineering,<br>
manufacturing etc.<br>
In short it is the ability to use the<br>
knowledge or techniques of a<br>
particular discipline to attain ends.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Communicational skill</b><br>
The abilities of exchanging<br>
ideas and information<br>
effectively.<br>
To understand others and let<br>
others understand<br>
comprehensively.<br></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Leadership </b><b>Skills </b><br>
The abilities to influence <br>
other people to achieve the <br>
common goal. �<br><br><br></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-918187178252545872017-05-07T05:34:00.001-07:002017-05-07T05:34:39.836-07:00Kuensel retrieved<p dir="ltr"><b>Library developed and functional</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">July 1, 2016	<a href="http://www.kuenselonline.com/category/news/">News</a> <a href="http://www.kuenselonline.com/e-library-developed-and-functional/#comments">1 Comment</a> 992 Views</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Council: </b>The government has developed an e-Library portal and e-Library studio.</p>
<p dir="ltr">This was revealed in its responses to the National Council (NC).</p>
<p dir="ltr">The government also stated that the installation and commissioning of the entire network will be completed by August end.</p>
<p dir="ltr">“The e-Library would be a collection of digital objects that will include text, visuals, video, audio among others stored as standardised and customised electronic media along with means for organising, storing, and retrieving the contents from the e-library repository,” the government states in its response which is available on the NC’s website.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The response also stated that the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) assigned with the project has developed e-library portal and is functional now. It can be viewed by visiting: http://14.139.61.149/elib/.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The syllabus for all classes from preprimary to higher secondary along with textbooks is available.</p>
<p dir="ltr">As of June 2016, the CDAC project engineer stationed in Thimphu visited 49 schools and identified 40 schools for site readiness to implement the project.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The project engineer also discussed with the Royal University of Bhutan and education ministry on 12 schools and three colleges where the project could be launched.The education ministry is currently processing custom clearances for the equipment to be used for the e-Library.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Once the e-Library is established, training on its use and management will be conducted in September. Content creation for Bhutanese would be initiated from October this year.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Each of the 49 schools will be provisioned with three computers connected through local servers so local content can be accessed and stored.</p>
<p dir="ltr">A central repository is proposed to be located at a data centre in the country, preferably the Thimphu Tech Park, to host the e-Library portal.</p>
<p dir="ltr">In places with poor Internet connectivity, the contents of the local server will be periodically updated with the use of a movable media such as hard drives. The contents will also be accessible by users on their own devices outside the e-Library section using Wi-Fi facility.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The e-Libraries will also be facilitated with televisions so that content can be broadcasted to students. While each schools would be given three computer, each of the 12 tertiary institutes will be provided with five computers.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The e-Library will also have a studio to create digital content for digitalising books, documents and audio-video, which will also be connected to central repository to upload contents to the library’s portal either with use of internet or movable data.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Meanwhile, the purchase order for supply, installation and commissioning of IT hardware for the central repository, colleges, schools and studio has been placed. The vendor is processing to dispatch hardware from India and Singapore. Delivery and distribution of IT hardware to all locations in Bhutan would be done between June-July this year.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Tempa Wangdi</b></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvn3HYUmC7-h1xVrTIo3NlBPhcNiZC_PRn8KadwpmGz1qtxjvufu1dI7_T65cbSx-CAsViVpjb_hZYzEs4phOX65MEuTVBwxz8f6e1mxr7tL88XoNcxK1D2kzfCb7QPqzTy3fhTXRMVk/s1600/IMG_20170430_174728_834.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvn3HYUmC7-h1xVrTIo3NlBPhcNiZC_PRn8KadwpmGz1qtxjvufu1dI7_T65cbSx-CAsViVpjb_hZYzEs4phOX65MEuTVBwxz8f6e1mxr7tL88XoNcxK1D2kzfCb7QPqzTy3fhTXRMVk/s640/IMG_20170430_174728_834.JPG"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-1120934334854705132017-05-03T07:02:00.001-07:002017-05-03T07:02:42.551-07:00Digital game<p dir="ltr">1. <a href="http://https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_game">Educational Game</a></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Educational games</b> are <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game">games</a> explicitly designed with <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational">educational</a> purposes, or which have incidental or secondary educational value. All types of games may be used in an educational environment. Educational games are <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game">games</a> that are designed to help people to learn about certain subjects, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play. Game types include <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game">board</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game">card</a>, and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game">video games</a>. An educational game is a game designed to teach humans about a specific subject and to teach them a skill. As educators, governments, and parents realize the psychological need and benefits of gaming have on learning, this educational tool has become mainstream. Games are interactive play that teach us goals, rules, adaptation, problem solving, interaction, all represented as a story. They satisfy our fundamental need to learn by providing enjoyment, passionate involvement, structure, motivation, ego gratification, adrenaline, creativity, social interaction and emotion in the game itself while the learning takes place.</p>
<p dir="ltr">2. <a href="http://https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game">Action Games</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">The <b>action game</b> is a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genres">video game genre</a> that emphasizes physical challenges, including hand–eye coordination and reaction-time. The genre includes diverse subgenres such as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game">fighting games</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter_game">shooter games</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game">platform games</a> which are widely considered the most important action games, though <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena">multiplayer online battle arena</a> and some <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy">real-time strategy</a> games are also considered to be action games.</p>
<p dir="ltr">In an action game, the player typically controls the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist">protagonist</a> or <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)">avatar</a>. The avatar must navigate a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)">level</a>, collecting objects, avoiding obstacles, and battling enemies with various attacks. At the end of a level or group of levels, the player must often defeat a boss enemy that is more challenging and often larger than other enemies. Enemy attacks and obstacles deplete the avatar's health and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-up">lives</a>, and the player receives a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over">Game over</a> when they run out of lives. Alternatively, the player wins the game by finishing a sequence of levels. But some action games, usually <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_games">arcade games</a>, are unbeatable and have an indefinite number of levels; and the player's only goal is to maximize their score by collecting objects and defeating enemies.</p>
<p dir="ltr">3. <u>Excergaming</u></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Fitness </b>,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> <b>exergaming</b> or <b>exer-gaming</b> (a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise">exercise</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaming">gaming</a>"), or <b>gamercising</b><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-2"><sup>[2]</sup></a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> is a term used for <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game">video games</a> that are also a form of exercise.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exergaming relies on technology that tracks body movement or reaction. The genre has been credited with upending the stereotype of gaming as a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle">sedentary</a> activity, and promoting an active lifestyle.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-5"><sup>[5]</sup></a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Research indicates that exergames can produce real improvements in fitness.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-douglass-7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Exergames are seen as evolving from technology changes aimed at making video games more fun.<sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-kick-8">[8]</a></sup><br></p>
<p dir="ltr">4. Racing <u>Game</u><br></p>
<p dir="ltr">The <b>racing video game</b> genre is the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genre">genre</a> of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game">video games</a>, either in the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_(video_games)">first-person</a> or <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system">third-person perspective</a>, in which the player partakes in a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing">racing competition</a> with any type of land, water, air or space <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle">vehicles</a>. They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings. In general, they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_video_game">simulations</a>, and simpler <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game">arcade</a> racing games. Racing games may also fall under the category of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_game">sports games</a>.<br><br></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirqa_dZlZJzLpJ32ugsRR9dUysKZO2DWzqBczzmNYSV_hs4IodDPmmQblBbkqkKSUfGwMz3asF6lZ8WizYm1i0RI9jQqpL4LXvlo-YBtLre3wv0WgF14EsRXLIC7eqgWOjAu4RhyphenhyphenjugNA/s320/IMG_20170503_195548_726.jpg"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirqa_dZlZJzLpJ32ugsRR9dUysKZO2DWzqBczzmNYSV_hs4IodDPmmQblBbkqkKSUfGwMz3asF6lZ8WizYm1i0RI9jQqpL4LXvlo-YBtLre3wv0WgF14EsRXLIC7eqgWOjAu4RhyphenhyphenjugNA/s1600/IMG_20170503_195548_726.jpg"></a><br></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-4672678232282549872017-05-03T05:09:00.001-07:002017-05-03T06:49:06.777-07:00Digital game<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr">
1. <a href="http://https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_game">Educational Game</a><br />
<b>Educational games</b> are <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game">games</a> explicitly designed with <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational">educational</a> purposes, or which have incidental or secondary educational value. All types of games may be used in an educational environment. Educational games are <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game">games</a> that are designed to help people to learn about certain subjects, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play. Game types include <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game">board</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game">card</a>, and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game">video games</a>. An educational game is a game designed to teach humans about a specific subject and to teach them a skill. As educators, governments, and parents realize the psychological need and benefits of gaming have on learning, this educational tool has become mainstream. Games are interactive play that teach us goals, rules, adaptation, problem solving, interaction, all represented as a story. They satisfy our fundamental need to learn by providing enjoyment, passionate involvement, structure, motivation, ego gratification, adrenaline, creativity, social interaction and emotion in the game itself while the learning takes place.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
2. <a href="http://https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game">Action Games</a><br />
The <b>action game</b> is a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genres">video game genre</a> that emphasizes physical challenges, including hand–eye coordination and reaction-time. The genre includes diverse subgenres such as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game">fighting games</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter_game">shooter games</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game">platform games</a> which are widely considered the most important action games, though <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena">multiplayer online battle arena</a> and some <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy">real-time strategy</a> games are also considered to be action games.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
In an action game, the player typically controls the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist">protagonist</a> or <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)">avatar</a>. The avatar must navigate a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)">level</a>, collecting objects, avoiding obstacles, and battling enemies with various attacks. At the end of a level or group of levels, the player must often defeat a boss enemy that is more challenging and often larger than other enemies. Enemy attacks and obstacles deplete the avatar's health and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-up">lives</a>, and the player receives a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over">Game over</a> when they run out of lives. Alternatively, the player wins the game by finishing a sequence of levels. But some action games, usually <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_games">arcade games</a>, are unbeatable and have an indefinite number of levels; and the player's only goal is to maximize their score by collecting objects and defeating enemies.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
3. <u>Excergaming</u><br />
<b>Fitness </b>,<sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <b>exergaming</b> or <b>exer-gaming</b> (a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise">exercise</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaming">gaming</a>"), or <b>gamercising</b><sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> is a term used for <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game">video games</a> that are also a form of exercise.<sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Exergaming relies on technology that tracks body movement or reaction. The genre has been credited with upending the stereotype of gaming as a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle">sedentary</a> activity, and promoting an active lifestyle.<sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Research indicates that exergames can produce real improvements in fitness.<sup><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-douglass-7">[7]</a></sup> Exergames are seen as evolving from technology changes aimed at making video games more fun.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming#cite_note-kick-8"><sup>[8]</sup></a></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
4. Racing <u>Game</u></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">racing video game</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> genre is the </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genre" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Video game genre">genre</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> of </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Video game">video games</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, either in the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_(video_games)" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="First person (video games)">first-person</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> or </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Virtual camera system">third-person perspective</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, in which the player partakes in a </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Racing">racing competition</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> with any type of land, water, air or space </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">. They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings. In general, they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_video_game" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Simulation video game">simulations</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, and simpler </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Arcade game">arcade</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> racing games. Racing games may also fall under the category of </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_game" style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(90 , 54 , 150); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Sports game">sports games</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">.</span></div>
<br /><br /><br /></div>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-38309722801467896232017-04-13T17:23:00.001-07:002017-04-13T17:23:45.413-07:00Flip flop<p dir="ltr"><b>j flop</b> is an important basic memory element for digital circuit. Flip-flop is designed by assembling different logic gates. Single logic gate does not have any information storing capacity but by combining different such gates one can make such a digital circuit which can store digital information. <b>Flip flop</b> is such circuit. There are different types of <b>flip flop</b> with different characteristics for different application. Flip-flop is the basic building blocks of most sequential circuits. Flip-flop (FF), is also known as a <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/bistable-multivibrator/">bistable multivibrator</a>, because it has two stable states. It y6zaætwgdx<b>t</b><b>can</b><b> remain in d of the states indefinitely. Its state can be change</b><u><b>d </b></u><u><b>ny</b></u><u><b> a</b></u><b>pplying the proper triggering signal. Flip flop is </b><b>one-bit</b><b> memory element. There are two outputs in a </b><b>flip-flop</b><b> generally marked as </b><b>Qh</b> and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458062982.gif">. Either of Q and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458062982.gif"> can be used as output but normal practice is to take Q as output port and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458062982.gif"> as inverted output port.</p>
<p dir="ltr">It is to be noted here that a flip flop has always one out complement of other output. The state of a flip-flop is normally determined by the condition of output Q. If Q = 1 the flip-flop is said to be in HIGH state or logic 1 state or SET state. When, Q = 0 the state of flip flop is said to be in LOW state or logic 0 state or RESET state or CLEAR state.<img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458061751.gif">The figure below shows a block diagram of a flip flop. It shows a flip-flop may have one or more inputs but only two outputs. The combination of inputs which alter the outputs or state of flip flop is referred as excitation. The excitation is used to switch the flip flop from one state to other. But the typical feature of flip flop is that once the state of flip flop is changed by applying, excitation, it remains unaltered even the excitation is removed from input ports. Hence, momentary application of excitation is enough to change the state a flip-flop. This is how flip flop behaves as memory element. When, Q = 1 it stores a 1 and when, Q = 0, it stores a 0. Flip-flops are the basic components of shift registers and counters. Flip flop is a sequential circuit hence it can be either synchronous or asynchronous. When inputs are controlled by clock pulse it is normally referred as flip flop. Here the inputs are applied but not acted until clock pulse appears and enable the inputs. When the same circuit is made asynchronous that is its inputs is not controlled by clock pulse, it is called latch. It is SET or RESET instantaneously on receiving the input signal. Latch can act independently of clock signal.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Most simple type of <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/latches-and-flip-flops/">flip flop</a> is <b>S R Flip Flop</b>. It has two inputs S and R and two outputs Q and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif">. The state of this latch is determined by condition of Q. If Q is 1 the latch is said to be SET and if Q is 0 the latch is said to be RESET. This <b>S R Latch</b> or Flip flop can be designed either by two cross-coupled <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/nand-gate/">NAND</a><a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/nand-gate/"> gates</a> or two-cross coupled <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/nor-gate/">NOR gates</a>. When we design this latch by using NOR gates, it will be an active high S-R latch. That means it is SET when S = 1. When we design this latch by using NAND gates, it will be an active low S-R latch. That means it is SET when S = 0. <b>S R Flip Flop</b> is also called <b>SET RESET Flip Flop</b>. Figure below shows the logic circuit of <b>S R </b><b>latch</b>.<img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458317791.gif"></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458317951.gif">In the above logic circuit if S = 1 and R = 0, Q becomes 1. Let us explain how.</p>
<p dir="ltr">NOR gate always gives output 0 when at least one of the inputs is 1.So when S is applied as 1 the output of gate G2 i.e. <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> is 0 irrespective of the condition of second input Q to the gate.Now <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> is input of gate G1 so both the inputs of G1 become 0 as R is already 0. So, output of G1 is now <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359131.gif"> or 1.So whatever may be the previous condition of Q, it always becomes Q = 1 and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> = 0 when, S = 1 and R = 0. This is called SET condition of the latch.In the above logic circuit if S = 0 and R = 1, Q becomes 0. Let us explain how.As we already said, a NOR gate always gives output 0 when at least one of the inputs is 1.So when R is applied as 1, the output of gate G1 i.e. Q is 0 irrespective of the condition of second input <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> to the gate.So, whatever may be the previous condition of Q, it always becomes 0 this 0 is then fed back to input of gate G2. As here S is already 0, both inputs of G2 are 0. Hence output of G2 i.e. <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> will be 1. So, Q = 0 and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> = 1 when, S = 0 and R = 1. This is called RESET condition of the latch.In the above logic circuit if S = 0 and also R = 0, Q remains same as it was. Let us explain how.First suppose Q is previously 1.Now the inputs of G2 are 0 and 1 as S=0 and Q=1. So output of G2 i.e. <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359449.gif"> or 0.Now both inputs of G1 are 0 as R=0 and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif">=0. So output of G1 i.e. Q is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359131.gif"> or 1.Now suppose Q is previously 0.Now both inputs of G2 are 0 and 1 as S=0 and Q=0. So output of G2 i.e. <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359131.gif"> or 1.Now the inputs of G1 are 0 and 1 as R=0 and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif">=1. So output of G1 i.e. Q is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359449.gif"> or 0.So it is proved that Q remains same as it is when S = 0 and also R = 0 in S R latch or <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/latches-and-flip-flops/">flip flop</a>.</p>
<p dir="ltr">In the above logic circuit if S = 1 and also R = 1, the condition of Q is totally unpredictable. Let us explain how.</p>
<p dir="ltr">First suppose Q is previously 1.Now both inputs of G2 are 1 as S=1 and Q=1. So output of G2 i.e. <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359662.gif"> or 0.Now the inputs of G1 are 1 and 0 as R=1 and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif">=0. So output of G1 i.e. Q is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359851.gif"> or 0. That means Q is changed.Now Q is 0. So inputs of G2 are 1 and 0 as S = 1 and Q = 0. So output of G2 i.e. <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359851.gif"> or 0. That means <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif"> is unchanged.Now the inputs of G1 are 1 and 0 as R=1 and <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458358294.gif">=0. So output of G1 i.e. Q is <img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458359851.gif"> or 0. That means Q is unchanged.So, when both S and R are 1, it becomes unpredictable whether the value of output Q will be changed or unchanged. This condition of S R latch normally avoided. As the latch is SET when S = 1(HIGH), the latch is called Active High S R Latch. There is other type of latch which is SET when, S = 0 (LOW), and this latch is known as <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/active-low-s-r-latch/">Active Low S R Latch</a>.<img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/february16/1458318193.png"></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-43012477287929737942017-04-13T08:08:00.001-07:002017-07-24T12:39:22.058-07:00Department of Electrical Engineering (2016)<p dir="ltr">1. 05160160 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/apsana.sharma.9">APSANA SHARMA </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">2. 05160161 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004975605636">BIR MAYA RAI </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">3. 05160162 BIRKHA BDR. SUBBA</p>
<p dir="ltr">4. 05160163 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/wayne.cena.79">CHEKI ZANGPO </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">5. 05160164 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/chencho.lhamo.3">CHENCHO LHAMO </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">6. 05160165 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/cheten.dorji.771">CHETEN DORJI </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">7. 05160166 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/dorji.singye.5">DORJI SINGYE </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">8. 05160167 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/jambaychoeugyl.thinley">JAMBAY CHOEDA </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">9. 05160168 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100007705395908">JIGME DORJI</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">10. 05160169 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100011169258975">JIMBA CHOPHEL </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">11. 05160170 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100011130343601">KARMA CHODEN </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">12. 05160171 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/karma.gayleg.165">KARMA GAYLEG </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">13. 05160172 KARMA THINLEY </p>
<p dir="ltr">14. 05160173 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100011166962093">KINLEY ZANGMO </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">15. 05160174 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013929345308">KUENLEY PENJOR </a><br>
<a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013929345308">GYELTEN</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">16. 05160176 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/mohanp.dhakal">MOHAN PRASAD DHAKAL </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">17. 05160177 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/monbdr.gurung.1">MON BDR GURUNG</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">18. 05160178 <a href="http://https://m.facebook.com/ngawang.namgay.79">NGAWANG NAMGAY</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">19. 05160179 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/nima.tshering.7902">NIMA TSHERING </a><u><a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/nima.tshering.7902">BAL</a></u></p>
<p dir="ltr">20. 05160180 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/amep.xring">PEMA TSHERING </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">21. 05160181 PEMA YANGCHEN</p>
<p dir="ltr">22. 05160182 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/peehuntsho.chodyyenn">PHUNTSHO CHODEN</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">23. 05160183 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004172899464">RATU</a> </p>
<p dir="ltr">24. 05160185 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/rinchen.lhamo.92102">RINCHEN LHAMO </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">25. 05160186 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/jatsho.le">SANGAY JAMTSHO</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">26. 05160187 SANGAY TSHERING</p>
<p dir="ltr">27. 05160188 SANJEP RAI </p>
<p dir="ltr">28. 05160189 SARDA CHUWAN </p>
<p dir="ltr">29. 05160190 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/ShekharKhatiwara1994">SHEKHAR CHANDRA </a><br>
<a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/ShekharKhatiwara1994">KHATIWARA</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">30. 05160191 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/somax.roy">SOM BDR. RAI </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">31. 05160192 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/chedup.sonam">SONAM CHEDUP </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">32. 05160193 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100005022464706">SONAM CHOKI </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">33. 05160194 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/sudoina.ang">SONAM DEKAR </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">34. 05160195 TASHI </p>
<p dir="ltr">35. 05160196 TASHI TENZIN </p>
<p dir="ltr">36. 05160197 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/tempagyeltshen.gyeltshen">TEMPA GYELTSHEN</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">37. 05160198 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/chenjur13">TENZIN CHENJUR </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">38. 05160200 TIL BDR</p>
<p dir="ltr">39. 05160201 TSHERING DORJI</p>
<p dir="ltr">40. 05160202 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/tshering.wangmo.9026">TSHERING WANGMO </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">41. 05160203 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/tshewang.dorji.7982">TSHEWANG DORJI</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">42. 05160204 TSHEWANG LHAMO </p>
<p dir="ltr">43. 05160205 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/ugee.wangchuk.5">UGYEN WANGCHUK</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">44.  05160206 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/bala.rai.775">VIJAY RAI </a></p>
<p dir="ltr">45. 05160207 YOUNTEN JAMTSHO </p>
<p dir="ltr">46. 05150173 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/choeki.dorji.77">CHOEKI DORJI</a></p>
<p dir="ltr">47.  05150194 <a href="http://https://www.facebook.com/noocol.pailang">NAKUL GHALLEY </a></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-81523252616520668742017-04-05T00:44:00.001-07:002017-04-05T09:30:11.369-07:00Cast system<p dir="ltr"><br>
This is a system which we follow from the time when the<br>
practice of Hindu religion started in this world. we practice it<br>
because it is our culture that we have to follow it. Brahmin are<br>
to give religious teaching to the people . They are to give<br>
teaching because from the ancient time they are restricted by<br>
religion to take intoxicated substances such as alcohol. Now<br>
world has become so rich with people of high intelligent they<br>
they ask reason for everything. They are so advanced with modern technologies of proving everything in practical that<br>
they even want religious beliefs to be shown in practical field.<br>
This system had been as far as possible by the pace of the<br>
modernization but this system will not be eradicated<br>
completely because if this is eradicated then Hindu religion<br>
won't exist.</p>
<p dir="ltr">It is found that most people talks about the<br>
practice of cast system in Hindu. And this talks<br>
comes from only those people who don't do any<br>
religious practice whether they be Hindu, Buddhist<br>
or in any religion. Those who practice religious<br>
activities (such as Rinpochoes, Pundit, lamas, and<br>
other devotee of God) never says to eradicate this<br>
system because they know it is not like that of<br>
scientific theorem that is accepted only after<br>
experimentally proven. You can't change it all of<br>
sudden by giving drawbacks on it because it is<br>
also one form of culture.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Now this system is changed greatly compared to<br>
the century time ago. Nowadays people are leaving<br>
Hinduism and Buddhism and moving towards<br>
Christianity because it is simpler one. It Christianity<br>
you need not to perform any ritual even when<br>
someone dies in relative.<br>
It doesn't matter if someone doesn't take the thing<br>
you give thinking that one is different but if<br>
someone doesn't give you your share thinking you<br>
are different you have right to raise a quires.<br>
<a href="http://m.facebook.com/Shekharkhatiwara7/">Shekhar Khatiwara</a></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-73830952693608581742017-04-02T07:34:00.001-07:002017-04-03T08:47:22.464-07:00K-Map representation<p dir="ltr"><br></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/openbook.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1"></a>Digital Teaching Aid<img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/space.gif"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/openfldr.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.pr"></a>Karnaugh Mapping - Lesson 4<img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/space.gif"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/openfldr.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.1.pr"></a>Lesson Plan<img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/space.gif"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/itext.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.1.1"></a><i>(introduction...)</i><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/itext.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.1.2"></a>Introduction<img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/itext.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.1.3"></a>Karnaugh map<img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/itext.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.1.4"></a>Truth table to Karnaugh map<img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/itext.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.1.5"></a><b>Pairs, Quads, and Octets</b><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/web/images/itext.gif"><a href="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0gtz--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=gtz&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH01bfa821af920541897c1078.8.1.6"></a>Overlapping and Rolling</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Pairs, Quads, and Octets</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">Pairs</p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p35b.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. 4-4: Four variable simplification</i></p>
<p dir="ltr">As you see in Fig. 4-4, only one variable goes from uncomplement to complement. Whenever this happens, you can eliminate the variable that changes form.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Proof:</p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img048.gif"></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img049.gif"></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>X = A B C</b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><u>Ex:</u></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p36a.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. 4-5: Pairs</i></p>
<p dir="ltr">Whenever you see a pair first encircle it and then simplify to get the simplified Boolean expression:</p>
<blockquote><p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img050.gif"><sub></sub><br>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="ltr"><br>
Quad</p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p36b.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. 4-6: Quad</i></p>
<p dir="ltr">Quad: A group of 4 one's that are horizontally or vertically adjacent. End to end or in form of a square.</p>
<p dir="ltr">A quad eliminates two variables and their complements.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><u>Proof:</u></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img051.gif"></p>
<p dir="ltr"><i>(two pairs)</i><br></p>
<p dir="ltr">X = A B (C + C)<br><br></p>
<p dir="ltr">X = A B<br></p>
<p dir="ltr">Encircle the quad and step through the different one's in the quad and determine which two variables go from complement to uncomplement (or vs), these are the variables that drop out.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><u>Ex:</u></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p37a.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. 4-7: Quad</i></p>
<p dir="ltr">The variables B and D can be eliminated. So we get the following equation:</p>
<blockquote><p dir="ltr">X = A C<br>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="ltr"><br>
Octet</p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p37b.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. 4-8: Octet</i></p>
<p dir="ltr">An octet eliminates three variables and their complements.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Proof:</p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img052.gif"></p>
<p dir="ltr"><i>(two quads)</i><br></p>
<p dir="ltr">X = A (C + C)<br><br></p>
<p dir="ltr">X = A<br></p>
<p dir="ltr"><u>Karnaugh Simplifications</u></p>
<p dir="ltr">Process:</p>
<blockquote><p dir="ltr">1. Draw the Karnaugh map<br>
2. Look for octets and encircle them.<br>
3. Look for quads and encircle them.<br>
4. Look for pairs and encircle them.<br>
5. Simplify and write down the equation.<br>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="ltr"><br>
<u>Ex:</u></p>
<p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p38a.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. 4-9: Karnaugh map</i></p>
<blockquote><p dir="ltr"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img053.gif"><sub></sub><br>
</p><p dir="ltr"><br></p><h3 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Overlapping and Rolling</h3><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Overlapping groups</p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><u>Ex:</u></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><center style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p38b.gif"></center><p dir="ltr"><br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Fig. 4-10: Karnaugh map</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Groups can overlap to get a simpler equation:</p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><blockquote style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><sub><center><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img054.gif"></center><br></sub></blockquote><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rolling the map</p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><u>Ex:</u></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><center style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p38c.gif"></center><p dir="ltr"><br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Fig. 4-11: Karnaugh map</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Instead of encircling two pairs:</p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><blockquote style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><sub><center><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img055.gif"></center><br></sub></blockquote><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We can roll the map and encircle a quad:</p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><blockquote style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><sub><center><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img056.gif"></center><br></sub></blockquote><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><center style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p39a.gif"></center><p dir="ltr"><br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><u style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HO:</u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Simplify the following map.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><u>Solution:</u></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><blockquote style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><sub><center><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img057.gif"></center><br></sub></blockquote><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><center style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/p39b.gif"></center><p dir="ltr"><br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><u style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HO:</u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Simplify the following map.</span></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><u>Solution:</u></p><p align="LEFT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><blockquote style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><sub><center><img src="http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/gtz/archives/HASH01bf.dir/img058.gif"><u style="vertical-align: sub; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;"><span class="style5">Simplification Procedure for Karnaugh maps</span></u></center><center><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Pair Reduction Rule</u> :</strong> Remove the variable which changes its state from complemented to uncomplemented or vice versa.Pair removes one variable only.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_4.gif" width="230" height="100"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Quad Reduction Rule</u> :</strong> Remove the two variables which change their states.A quad removes two variables.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_5.gif" width="240" height="180"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Octet Reduction Rule</u> :</strong> Remove the three variables which changes their state.Octet removes three variables.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_6.gif" width="240" height="180"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Map Rolling</u> :</strong> Map rolling means roll the map considering the map as if its left edges are touching the right edges and top edges are touching bottom edges.While marking the pairs quads and octet, map must be rolled.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_7.gif" width="230" height="100"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_8.gif" width="230" height="100" hspace="80"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Overlapping Groups</u> :</strong> Overlapping means same 1 can be encircled more than once. Overlapping always leads to simpler expressions.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_10.gif" width="230" height="100"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Redundant Group</u> :</strong> It is a group whose all 1's are overlapped by other groups. Redundant groups must be removed. Removal of redundant group leads to much simpler expression.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_9.gif" width="230" height="100"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"> </p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Ex. 1</u> :</strong> Represent the following boolean expression in a K-map and simplify.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">F = x'yz + x'yz' + xy'z' + xy'z</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Solution</u> :</strong></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">The K-map is as follows :</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_4.gif" width="230" height="100"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">Hence the simplified expression is</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">F = x'y + xy'</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Ex. 2</u> :</strong>Simplify the following boolean expression using K-map.</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">F = a'bc + ab'c' + abc + abc'</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><strong><u>Solution</u> :</strong></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">The K-map is as follows :</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;"><img src="http://learneasy.50webs.com/ch1_pg4_11.gif" width="230" height="100"></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">Hence the simplified expression is</p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; text-align: start;">F = bc + ac'</p></center><div><br></div></sub></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p dir="ltr"></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-72047882837574468862017-03-22T10:23:00.001-07:002017-03-22T10:23:56.715-07:00Types of DC generators<div class="content_body" style="color: #505050; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 300.797px;">
Generally <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/principle-of-dc-generator/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">DC generators</a> are classified according to the ways of excitation of their fields. There are three methods of excitation.<br />
<ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Field coils excited by permanent magnets – Permanent magnet DC generators.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Field coils excited by some external source – Separately excited DC generators.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Field coils excited by the generator itself – Self excited DC generators.</li>
</ol>
A brief description of these <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">type of generators</strong> are given below.<br />
<h3 style="color: #005256; font-size: 16px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Permanent Magnet DC Generator</h3>
<img alt="permanent magnet dc generat" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-7909" height="234" src="https://www.electrical4u.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/permanent-magnet-dc-generat.png" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="400" />When the <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-flux-types-of-flux/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">flux</a> in the <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-magnetic-field/#Magnetic-Circuit" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnetic Circuit ">magnetic circuit</a> is established by the help of permanent magnets then it is known as Permanent magnet DC generator.<br />
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It consists of an armature and one or several permanent magnets situated around the armature. This <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">type of DC generators</strong> generates very low power. So, they are rarely found in industrial applications. They are normally used in small applications like dynamos in motor cycles.</div>
<h3 style="color: #005256; font-size: 16px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Separately Excited DC Generator</h3>
These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by some external dc source such as <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/battery-history-and-working-principle-of-batteries/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Battery">battery</a> .<br />
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A circuit diagram of separately excited DC generator is shown in figure. I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = Armature current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> = Load current V = Terminal voltage E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> = Generated emf<img alt="separately excited dc generator" src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/january16/1453550407.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" />Voltage drop in the armature = I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> × R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>(R/sub>a is the armature <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-resistance-and-laws-of-resistance/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Know about electrical resistance in detail.">resistance</a>) Let, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> = I (say) Then, <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/voltage-or-electric-potential-difference/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Voltage or Electric Potential Difference">voltage</a> across the load, V = IR<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> Power generated, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> = E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>×I Power delivered to the external load, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> = V×I.</div>
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<h3 style="color: #005256; font-size: 16px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Self-excited DC Generators</h3>
These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by the <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electric-current-and-theory-of-electricity/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Electric Current">current</a> supplied by themselves. In these type of machines field coils are internally connected with the armature. Due to residual magnetism some flux is always present in the poles. When the armature is rotated some emf is induced. Hence some induced current is produced. This small current flows through the field coil as well as the load and thereby strengthening the pole flux. As the pole flux strengthened, it will produce more armature emf, which cause further increase of current through the field. This increased field current further raises armature emf and this cumulative phenomenon continues until the excitation reaches to the rated value. According to the position of the field coils the <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/self-excited-generators/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">self-excited DC generators</a> may be classified as…<br />
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Series wound generators</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Shunt wound generators</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Compound wound generators</li>
</ol>
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<h4 style="color: #005256; font-size: 15px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Series Wound Generator</h4>
In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in series with armature conductors as shown in figure below. So, whole current flows through the field coils as well as the load. As series field winding carries full load current it is designed with relatively few turns of thick wire. The <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-resistance-and-laws-of-resistance/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Know about electrical resistance in detail.">electrical resistance</a> of series field winding is therefore very low (nearly 0.5Ω ). Let, R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub> = Series winding resistance I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub> = Current flowing through the series field R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = Armature <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-resistance-and-laws-of-resistance/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Know about electrical resistance in detail.">resistance</a> I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = Armature current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> = Load current V = Terminal voltage E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>= Generated emf<img alt="Series Wound DC Generator" src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/january16/1453550599.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" />Then, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub> = I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub>=I (say) Voltage across the load, V = E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> -I(I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>×R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>) Power generated, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> = E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>×I Power delivered to the load, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> = V×I<br />
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<h4 style="color: #005256; font-size: 15px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Shunt Wound DC Generators</h4>
In these type of DC generators the field windings are connected in parallel with armature conductors as shown in figure below. In shunt wound generators the voltage in the field winding is same as the voltage across the terminal. Let, R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> = Shunt winding <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-resistance-and-laws-of-resistance/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Know about electrical resistance in detail.">resistance</a> I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> = Current flowing through the shunt field R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = Armature <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-resistance-and-laws-of-resistance/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Know about electrical resistance in detail.">resistance</a> I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = Armature current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> = Load current V = Terminal voltage E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> = Generated emf<img alt="shunt wound dc generator" src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/january16/1453550813.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" />Here armature current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> is dividing in two parts, one is shunt field current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> and another is load current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub>. So, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>=I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> + I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> The effective power across the load will be maximum when I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> will be maximum. So, it is required to keep shunt field current as small as possible. For this purpose the <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-resistance-and-laws-of-resistance/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Know about electrical resistance in detail.">resistance</a> of the shunt field winding generally kept high (100 Ω) and large no of turns are used for the desired emf. Shunt field current, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> = V/R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub>Voltage across the load, V = E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>-I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>Power generated, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>= E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>×I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> Power delivered to the load, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> = V×I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub><br />
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Compound Wound DC Generator</h4>
In series wound generators, the output voltage is directly proportional with load current. In shunt wound generators, output voltage is inversely proportional with load current. A combination of these two types of generators can overcome the disadvantages of both. This combination of windings is called compound wound DC generator. Compound wound generators have both series field winding and shunt field winding. One winding is placed in series with the armature and the other is placed in parallel with the armature. This type of DC generators may be of two types- short shunt compound wound generator and long shunt compound wound generator.<br />
<h5 style="color: #005256; font-size: 14px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator</h5>
The generators in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with the <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/armature-winding-pole-pitch-coil-span-commutator-pitch/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">armature winding</a> as shown in figure.<img alt="short shunt compound wound generator" src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/january16/1453550996.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" />Series field current, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub> = I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> Shunt field current, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> = (V+I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub> R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub>)/R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub>Armature current, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> = I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> + I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> Voltage across the load, V = E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> - I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> - I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub> R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub>Power generated, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> = E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>×I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> Power delivered to the load, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub>=V×I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub><br />
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Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator</h5>
The generators in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field and <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/armature-winding-pole-pitch-coil-span-commutator-pitch/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">armature winding</a> as shown in figure.<img alt="long shunt Compound wound generator" src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/january16/1453551131.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" />Shunt field current, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub>=V/R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub>Armature current, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>= series field current, I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub>= I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub>+I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> Voltage across the load, V=E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>-I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>-I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub> R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub>=E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>-I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub> (R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>+R<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sc</sub>) [∴I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>=I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cs</sub>] Power generated, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>= E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub>×I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>Power delivered to the load, P<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub>=V×I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub>In a compound wound generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series field. When the series field assists the shunt field, generator is said to be commutatively compound wound. On the other hand if series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is said to be differentially compound wound.<img alt="commulatively differentially compound" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-7895" height="222" src="https://www.electrical4u.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/commulatively-differentially-compound.png" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="536" /></div>
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Characteristic of Shunt Wound DC Generator</h1>
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In <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/types-of-dc-generators/#Shunt_Wound_DC_Generators" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">shunt wound DC generators</a> the field windings are connected in parallel with armature conductors as shown in figure below. In these type of generators the armature <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electric-current-and-theory-of-electricity/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Electric Current">current</a> I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a</sub>divides in two parts. One part is the shunt field current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub> flows through shunt field winding and the other part is the load current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> goes through the external load.<img alt=" " src="https://electrical4u.com/electrical/machine-equation/generator-equation/characteristic-of-shunt-wound-dc-generator-3.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" /><img alt="shunt wound generator" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-23225" height="254" src="https://electrical4u.com/electrical/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/shunt-wound-generator.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="392" />Three most important characteristic of shunt wound dc generators are discussed below:<br />
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Magnetic or Open Circuit Characteristic of Shunt Wound DC Generator</h2>
This curve is drawn between shunt field current(I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sh</sub>) and the no load <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/voltage-or-electric-potential-difference/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Voltage or Electric Potential Difference">voltage</a> (E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0</sub>). For a given excitation current or field current, the emf generated at no load E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0</sub> varies in proportionally with the rotational speed of the armature. Here in the diagram the magnetic characteristic curve for various speeds are drawn.<br />
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Due to residual magnetism the curves start from a point A slightly up from the origin O. The upper portions of the curves are bend due to saturation. The external load <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-resistance-and-laws-of-resistance/" style="color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Know about electrical resistance in detail.">resistance</a> of the machine needs to be maintained greater than its critical value otherwise the machine will not excite or will stop running if it is already in motion. AB, AC and AD are the slops which give critical resistances at speeds N<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</sub>, N<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2</sub> and N<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3</sub>. Here, N<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</sub> > N<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2</sub> > N<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3</sub>.</div>
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Critical Load Resistance of Shunt Wound DC Generator</h3>
This is the minimum external load resistance which is required to excite the shunt wound generator.<img alt="magnetic or open circuit characteristic" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-23227" height="350" src="https://electrical4u.com/electrical/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/magnetic-or-open-circuit-characteristic2.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="364" /><br />
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Internal Characteristic of Shunt Wound DC Generator</h2>
The internal characteristic curve represents the relation between the generated voltage E<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">g</sub> and the load current I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub>. When the generator is loaded then the generated voltage is decreased due to armature reaction. So, generated voltage will be lower than the emf generated at no load. Here in the figure below AD curve is showing the no load voltage curve and AB is the internal characteristic curve.<br />
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External Characteristic of Shunt Wound DC Generator</h2>
AC curve is showing the external characteristic of the shunt wound DC generator. It is showing the variation of terminal voltage with the load current. Ohmic drop due to armature resistance gives lesser terminal voltage the generated voltage. That is why the curve lies below the internal characteristic curve.<img alt=" " src="https://electrical4u.com/electrical/machine-equation/generator-equation/characteristic-of-shunt-wound-dc-generator-1.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" />The terminal voltage can always be maintained constant by adjusting the of the load terminal.<img alt="external charateristics of shunt dc generator" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-23228" height="284" src="https://electrical4u.com/electrical/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/external-charateristics-of-shunt-dc-generator-20-02-2015.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="533" /><br />
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When the load resistance of a shunt wound DC generator is decreased, then load current of the generator increased as shown in above figure. But the load current can be increased to a certain limit with (upto point C) the decrease of load resistance. Beyond this point, it shows a reversal in the characteristic. Any decrease of load resistance, results in current reduction and consequently, the external characteristic curve turns back as shown in the dotted line and ultimately the terminal voltage becomes zero. Though there is some voltage due to residual magnetism.</div>
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We know, Terminal voltage<img alt=" " src="https://electrical4u.com/electrical/machine-equation/generator-equation/characteristic-of-shunt-wound-dc-generator-2.gif" style="display: block; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" /></div>
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Now, when I<sub style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L</sub> increased, then terminal voltage decreased. After a certain limit, due to heavy load current and increased ohmic drop, the terminal voltage is reduced drastically. This drastic reduction of terminal voltage across the load, results the drop in the load current although at that time load is high or load resistance is low.</div>
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That is why the load resistance of the machine must be maintained properly. The point in which the machine gives maximum current output is called breakdown point (point C in the picture).</div>
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WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-17145937029709655922017-03-17T04:23:00.002-07:002017-03-17T04:31:02.839-07:00Need to understand<a href="http://shekharkhatiwara1994.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">shekharkhatiwara1994.blogspot.com</a>You need to understand life enough and at the same time be ready to endure the consequences of your actions, because every action of life comes with a reward.<br />
UnknownWÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-34250609219455642622017-03-11T04:38:00.001-08:002017-03-11T04:38:44.509-08:00<p dir="ltr">Constructional Features <br>
Figure 35.1 shows a sectional view of a 4-pole D.C machine. The length of the machine is <br>
perpendicular to the paper. Stator has got 4 numbers of projected poles with coils wound over it. <br>
These coils may be connected in series in order that consecutive poles produce opposite <br>
polarities (i.e., N-S-N-S) when excited from a source. Double layer lap or wave windings are <br>
generally used for armature. Essentially all the armature coils are connected in series forming a <br>
closed armature circuit. However as the coils are distributed, the resultant voltage acting in the <br>
closed path is zero thereby ensuring no circulating current in the armature. The junctions of two <br>
consecutive coils are terminated on to the commutator segments. Stationary carbon brushes are <br>
placed physically under the center of the stator poles touching the rotating commutator segments. </p>
<p dir="ltr">Now let us examine how a D.C voltage is obtained across the brushes (armature <br>
terminals). Let us fix our attention to a particular position in space. Whichever conductor is <br>
present there right now, will have some definite induced voltage in it (dictated by e = blv). In <br>
course of rotation of the armature newer conductors will occupy this position in space. No <br>
matter which conductor comes to that particular position at any given point of time, it will have <br>
same voltage induced in it. This is true for all the positions although the magnitude and polarity <br>
of the voltages in different position may be different. The polarity of the voltage is opposite for <br>
conductor positions under north or south pole. Remembering that all the conductors are <br>
connected in series and brushes are suitably placed for obtaining maximum voltage, the <br>
magnitude of the voltage across the brushes will remain constant. <br>
To understand the action of the commutator segments and brushes clearly, let us refer to <br>
the following figures (35.3 and 35.4) where a simple d.c machine working as generator are <br>
shown with armature occupying various positions. Armature has got a single rectangular coil <br>
with sides 1 and 2 shown in detail in figure (35.2). The two terminals 1 and 2 of the coil are <br>
firmly joined to commutator segments C1 and C2 respectively. Commutator segments C1 and <br>
C2, made of copper are insulated by mica insulation shown by lines between C1 and C2 and <br>
rotate along with the armature. <br><br></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmzmsmp1U9iM0atxrhhwQEx6jQ1_fV9_DBWgLe7UDI8uombjGgOcs7S3Hapv96PloJip0o4ryPUJdbCWW5Htdh7Pi5Oth8deGo_Ziw2xQHCDGaFzG845O5TvsyMS1_5QjsS0fw3D9xS30/s1600/IMG_20170311_183305_497.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmzmsmp1U9iM0atxrhhwQEx6jQ1_fV9_DBWgLe7UDI8uombjGgOcs7S3Hapv96PloJip0o4ryPUJdbCWW5Htdh7Pi5Oth8deGo_Ziw2xQHCDGaFzG845O5TvsyMS1_5QjsS0fw3D9xS30/s640/IMG_20170311_183305_497.JPG"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-42809627928264704962017-03-07T21:39:00.001-08:002017-03-07T21:39:46.317-08:00Engineering Machine Questions<p dir="ltr">1. With the help of sketches, describe the main construction and working principle of a dc <br>
generator.</p>
<p dir="ltr">2. Explain what do you understand by (i) lap and wave windings (ii) duplex windings</p>
<p dir="ltr">3. Explain why a commutator and brush arrangement is necessary for the operation of a dc <br>
machine.</p>
<p dir="ltr">4. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between lap and wave windings in a dc machine?</p>
<p dir="ltr">5. A 6-pole, lap wound armature has 840 conductors and flux per pole of 0.018 Wb. The <br>
generator is run at 1200 rpm. Calculate the emf generated.</p>
<p dir="ltr">6. Calculate the emf generated by a 4-pole wave wound armature with 45 slots, with 18 <br>
conductors per slot when driven at 1000 rpm. The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb.</p>
<p dir="ltr">7. A 4-pole dc generator has 51 slots and each slot contains 20 conductors. The machine has a <br>
useful flux of 0.007 Wb and runs at 1500 rpm. Find the induced emf, if the machine is (i) lap <br>
connected (ii) wave connected.</p>
<p dir="ltr">8. A 4-pole, d.c. generator has a wave-wound armature with 792 conductors. The flux per pole <br>
is 0.0121 Wb. Determine the speed at which it should be run to generate 240 V on no-load.</p>
<p dir="ltr">9. Calculate the flux in a 4-pole dynamo with 722 armature conductors generating 500 V when <br>
running at 1000 rpm when the armature is (i) lap connected (ii) wave connected.</p>
<p dir="ltr">10. An 8-pole d.c. shunt generator with 778 wave-connected armature conductors and running at <br>
500 rpm supplies a load of 12.5 Ω resistance at terminal voltage of 50 V. The armature <br>
resistance is 0.24 Ω and the field resitance is 250 Ω. Find the armature current, the induced <br>
emf and the flux per pole.</p>
<p dir="ltr">11. An 8-pole lap wound dc generator rotated at 350 rpm is required to generate 0.26 kV. The <br>
useful flux per pole is 5 mWb. If the armature has 120 slots, calculate the numbers of <br>
conductors per slot.</p>
<p dir="ltr">12. A short shunt compound generator supplies a current of 110A at 220V. The resistance of <br>
shunt field is 50Ω and the series winding resistance and armature resistance are 0.025Ω and <br>
0.05Ω respectively. Calculate the generated emf?</p>
<p dir="ltr">13. A long shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50A at 500V and has armature, <br>
series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05Ω, 0.03Ω and 250Ω respectively. Calculate the <br>
generated voltage and the armature current allowing 1V per brush for contact drop.</p>
<p dir="ltr">14. A short shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 30A at 220V and has armature, <br>
series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05Ω, 0.3Ω and 200Ω respectively. Calculate the <br>
induced emf and the armature current allowing the brush drop as 1V per brush.</p>
<p dir="ltr">15. A 6 pole lap wound dc generator has 600 conductors on its armature. The flux per pole is <br>
0.02Wb. Calculate speed at which the generator must run to generate 300V and what would <br>
be the speed if the generator is wave wound?</p>
<p dir="ltr">16. Calculate the generated emf by a 4-pole wave wound generator having 65 slots with 12 <br>
conductors per slots when driven at 1200 r.p.m. the flux per pole is 0.02Wb. Calculate emf <br>
generated if the generator is lap wound.</p>
<p dir="ltr">17. A 100kW, 240 V shunt generator has a field resistance of 55Ω and armature resistance of <br>
0.067Ω. Find the full load generated voltage.</p>
<p dir="ltr">18. A 4 pole long shunt lap wound generator supplies 25kW at a terminal voltage of 500V. The <br>
armature and series field resistances are 0.03Ω and 0.04 Ω respectively and shunt field <br>
resistance is 200Ω. Calculate the generated emf considering the brush contact drop as 1V. <br>
Also calculate the number of conductors if the speed is 1200 rpm and flux per pole is <br>
0.02Wb.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKmuIzXXk4uqdsVPxwWfTelXQFfm09rbUHpIiNmB3YHKuVIzIY_SgrxJ9hELJIPWcmFUAbIAUXK7iX31D135KoQLNVdoZw7nhnoQy_T8dqZoOupCCFcYpW47BLy-65JWlDiJXGyksnw60/s1600/free-machine-wallpaper_101648968_287.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKmuIzXXk4uqdsVPxwWfTelXQFfm09rbUHpIiNmB3YHKuVIzIY_SgrxJ9hELJIPWcmFUAbIAUXK7iX31D135KoQLNVdoZw7nhnoQy_T8dqZoOupCCFcYpW47BLy-65JWlDiJXGyksnw60/s640/free-machine-wallpaper_101648968_287.jpg"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-61375966372990398102017-03-06T10:15:00.001-08:002017-03-06T10:15:19.795-08:00Family<p dir="ltr">Family isn't always by blood. It is the people in your life who want you in theirs; the ones who accept you as you are. The ones who would do anything to see your <u>smile</u></p>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-14555443100023263272017-03-06T07:49:00.001-08:002017-03-17T08:01:44.793-07:00Feeling Change<div dir="ltr">
Once the storm is over, you won't remember how you made it through and how you managed to survive. You won't even be sure whether the storm is really over. But one thing, is certain. When you come out of the storm, you won't be the same person who walked in it.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-14099637131238349442017-03-06T07:35:00.001-08:002017-03-06T07:37:11.971-08:00If u want to suceed<p dir="ltr">If you want to succeed in your life, remember this phrase: That past does not equal the future. Because you failed yesterday, or all day today, or a moment ago. All that matters is: What are you going to do, right now?</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavVIOeu0wB5aMxfMSi2S9dOJJiO-BuSCaxvYJcnBZsk5AXLENszvjktqMp2dBPahIo0JPCa55DyZRt078DPD5vxpBWCXr_1pVYC-bj63CA-VQLoIvVpquhnhsPxnUvsngeHLvPyyx2_o/s1600/edited_1487571521073.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavVIOeu0wB5aMxfMSi2S9dOJJiO-BuSCaxvYJcnBZsk5AXLENszvjktqMp2dBPahIo0JPCa55DyZRt078DPD5vxpBWCXr_1pVYC-bj63CA-VQLoIvVpquhnhsPxnUvsngeHLvPyyx2_o/s640/edited_1487571521073.jpg"> </a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis4pO6nr1F3xvgm9naBU_YSdd_lhpvVXGJwkHl9exGAhu_cQxINdQP_nIdgTagxmWiKae-gPvj90EhpyCtm_kuhCx9pzV2g-7Cr3lt2wc4IBGcJhbMtrwoRdwdYIj1IcOw1sjHr-a4DzE/s1600/IMG_20170206_211711_340.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis4pO6nr1F3xvgm9naBU_YSdd_lhpvVXGJwkHl9exGAhu_cQxINdQP_nIdgTagxmWiKae-gPvj90EhpyCtm_kuhCx9pzV2g-7Cr3lt2wc4IBGcJhbMtrwoRdwdYIj1IcOw1sjHr-a4DzE/s640/IMG_20170206_211711_340.jpg"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-11190534486592935072017-03-05T06:57:00.001-08:002017-03-05T07:03:08.771-08:00WSP Assignment<p dir="ltr">1.List down the types of induction motor?</p>
<p dir="ltr">2. Draw <u>and</u> level the parts of induction motor.</p>
<p dir="ltr">3. Describe the working principles of induction motor.</p>
<p dir="ltr">4. What are the different types of rotor and stator winding in induction motor?<br></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-oY7OzargX9w/WLwnU3wXeUI/AAAAAAAAAh4/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-oY7OzargX9w/WLwnU3wXeUI/AAAAAAAAAh4/s640/download.jpg"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-12529434035050793402017-03-05T06:26:00.001-08:002017-03-05T06:26:38.964-08:00WSP Assignment 2<p dir="ltr">1. List down the types of induction motor?</p>
<p dir="ltr">2. Draw <u>and</u> level the parts of induction motor.</p>
<p dir="ltr">3. Describe the working principles of induction motor.</p>
<p dir="ltr">4. What are the different types of induction motor?</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9pOFFXfcsNc1FaWIRoGnP0TO06PxuFmYP7cMqGkPJU8mDCOYc0iVfp7A_pn5zC9C1AP69w7zQMZhOXIgUbv_rFCLtCWCeUPPIUEYVSmOdG3Bp-oAE9qKaGGThKsjrk5RSRKjnuSmj3Ic/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9pOFFXfcsNc1FaWIRoGnP0TO06PxuFmYP7cMqGkPJU8mDCOYc0iVfp7A_pn5zC9C1AP69w7zQMZhOXIgUbv_rFCLtCWCeUPPIUEYVSmOdG3Bp-oAE9qKaGGThKsjrk5RSRKjnuSmj3Ic/s640/download.jpg"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-21262709824028544982017-03-03T04:31:00.001-08:002017-03-06T06:36:41.129-08:00Induction motor<p dir="ltr"><u><b>Types</b></u><b> Induction Motor</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">Types Induction Moto<b>r</b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Single Phase Induction Motor </b><br>
<b>1. Split phase induction motor</b><br>
<b>2. Capacitor start induction </b><b>motor</b><br>
<b>3. Capacitor start </b><a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-capacitor-and-what-is-dielectric/"><b>capacitor</b></a><b> run induction motor</b><br>
<b>4. Shaded pole induction </b><b>motor</b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Three Phase Induction Motor</b><br>
1. Squirrel cage induction <u>motor</u></p><p dir="ltr"><u>2.Phase wound induction motor(slip-ring induction motor)</u></p><p dir="ltr"><b>Type and construction of rotors</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">1. Squirrel-cage rotor. ..<br>
2. Wound rotor. ..<br>
.3. Salient pole rotors. .<br>
4. ..Cylindrical rotors. ..<br>
5.Rotor bar voltage. .<br>
6. ..Torque in rotor. ..<br>
7. Induction motor slip. .<br>
8.Frequency of induced voltages and currents.<br>
MENUSearch for:</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Types of Three Phase Induction Motor</b><br><br></p>
<p dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/induction-motor-types-of-induction-motor/">Induction motor</a> is also called <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/induction-motor-types-of-induction-motor/">asynchronous motor</a> as it runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed. Like any other <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-motor-types-classification-and-history-of-motor/">electrical motor</a>, induction motor have two main parts namely rotor and stator.<img src="https://electrical4u.com/electrical/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/three-phase-induction-motor.jpg"> </p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Stator</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">As the name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A three phase supply is given to the stator of induction motor.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Rotor</b></p>
<p dir="ltr">The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft. The rotor of the <a href="https://www.electrical4u.com/working-principle-of-three-phase-induction-motor/">three phase induction motor</a> are further classified as- <br>
1. Squirrel cage rotor,<br>
2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor. Depending upon the type of rotor used the three phase induction motor are classified as- <br>
Squirrel cage induction motor<br>
Slip ring induction motor or <br>
wound induction motor <br>
phase wound induction motor.</p>
<p dir="ltr"> The construction of stator for both the kind of three phase induction motor remains the same and is discussed in brief in next paragraph. Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor The stator of the three phase induction motor consists of three main parts: </p><p dir="ltr"> Stator frame</p><p dir="ltr"> Stator core</p><p dir="ltr"> Stator winding or field winding</p><p dir="ltr"><br></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh99ISbi1UyxIR2XWAFWN9s7dT_PQZPCbGolQwmSe1mqO9tW-KPVB2l2F-hevJGAkpKvtQTYDr-MATW2lobffEGVipsV93NytEHhhESmQywmiHrDCMOusXEI3g7Vy_GXgQRHB7f83Q_2WM/s1600/IMG_20170306_203443_169.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh99ISbi1UyxIR2XWAFWN9s7dT_PQZPCbGolQwmSe1mqO9tW-KPVB2l2F-hevJGAkpKvtQTYDr-MATW2lobffEGVipsV93NytEHhhESmQywmiHrDCMOusXEI3g7Vy_GXgQRHB7f83Q_2WM/s640/IMG_20170306_203443_169.JPG"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-13245695540865252722017-02-26T02:42:00.001-08:002017-02-26T02:42:31.376-08:00Without her love<p dir="ltr">What has happened is never spoken<br>
And everything around me has been broken<br>
There's no words, just silence.<br>
Hate, but no violence<br>
Sadness, without tears<br>
Humans, without fears.<br>
When will the ground break?<br>
Where is the open gate?<br>
Slowly, the darkness creeps<br>
But still, no one weeps.<br>
All are withering<br>
Hearts are shriveling.<br>
This world has grown cold<br>
There's no one left to hold.<br>
I fear that I too will join them soon<br>
Just when the light fades from the moon.<br>
My beloved has been turned into a dove<br>
And now I know what becomes of this world,<br>
Without <u>her</u> love.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclHw1y461i_Mrg7PHj5zCLufhuEGmFvUFwo3iJutHiPNHRR5IRulrzsSZYKQUeZTVF85UpJeOWm3cHCTomRpuY9v66DOSGsSQY_u2gC4H1pfpqYPCzXped_e_TI7g0fSVzFMIpU5oivc/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclHw1y461i_Mrg7PHj5zCLufhuEGmFvUFwo3iJutHiPNHRR5IRulrzsSZYKQUeZTVF85UpJeOWm3cHCTomRpuY9v66DOSGsSQY_u2gC4H1pfpqYPCzXped_e_TI7g0fSVzFMIpU5oivc/s640/images.jpg"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-2371673899551079702017-02-25T10:13:00.001-08:002017-02-25T10:13:45.272-08:00You have given me hope<p dir="ltr"><u>You</u> have given me hope for a better tomorrow<br>
like an angel guiding me out of my sorrow.</p>
<p dir="ltr">My fears I want to let go<br>
but can my past I forgo?</p>
<p dir="ltr">I ask you this as you have my heart<br>
will you always be there so we may never part?</p>
<p dir="ltr">I don't have much to give<br>
but I will give you my everyday to live.</p>
<p dir="ltr">I love life and what it has to give<br>
because through the depths of sorrow I have learnt to live.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaqJUjxcX-mw1JzGE2SFrDxunzfrwsVTcYM6l8PVDLx9wQpWYQRjwDJITtNZWYciBn5Pf2iu2fHPAzInu2FnqW_PdC0AYWvppn9lSaTWf7FUBqWhVpRKfAtpwF3fkCp81bTd_knHRzkg4/s1600/Hope01_800.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaqJUjxcX-mw1JzGE2SFrDxunzfrwsVTcYM6l8PVDLx9wQpWYQRjwDJITtNZWYciBn5Pf2iu2fHPAzInu2FnqW_PdC0AYWvppn9lSaTWf7FUBqWhVpRKfAtpwF3fkCp81bTd_knHRzkg4/s640/Hope01_800.jpg"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670729218443688782.post-63373172453034157842017-02-25T05:09:00.001-08:002017-02-25T05:09:10.918-08:00Piece of my heart<p dir="ltr"><u>One</u> thing I know for sure<br>
is that words could never take the place<br>
the place of how I feel<br>
I keep saying I'll never love again<br>
but every time I see you<br>
I see your smile, and feel your warm touch<br>
I fall so deep for you<br>
you say you love her and not me<br>
I let you go but you keep coming back<br>
leaving my heart shredded<br>
every time you walk away<br>
holding on till the day<br>
when you come back<br>
with the missing pieces of my heart</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimoULXEQhovo2ppco0Y6g6zqoIzgLnJxWTidfTahkZ3NKGqheUN89QHAk0pVgWuRyyCs9S7j7FsrJ8hyphenhyphenCf4wCB7oT-XLFILLSlpAh1xN6-BGH3uxvJEBRx0NA-mgK_cqKYr7V0Q89ULA8/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimoULXEQhovo2ppco0Y6g6zqoIzgLnJxWTidfTahkZ3NKGqheUN89QHAk0pVgWuRyyCs9S7j7FsrJ8hyphenhyphenCf4wCB7oT-XLFILLSlpAh1xN6-BGH3uxvJEBRx0NA-mgK_cqKYr7V0Q89ULA8/s640/images.jpg"> </a> </div>WÒRDS FÓR YÔU http://www.blogger.com/profile/06970381989529347675noreply@blogger.com0